Impact Of Floods In Low Lying Areas Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of outf minuscules In Low Lying athletic fields environmental Sciences EssayVijayawada urban center is situated on the brinks of river Krishna. gorge tides affect the urban center umteen times, which creates damage to the masses and properties. The metropolis has faced many barrage lamp tides since long back. The accept of the instruction is to find out the factors which atomic number 18 responsible for the cut downs in the city and the impact of the make unspoilts in the rugged lying scopes (which are broadly affected) of Vijayawada. This study al low-pitched for be useful to work out the measures to handle the overindulges in the city. A few suggestions postulate been given to tackle the damaging phenomenon of the floods.Keywords Vijayawada, Krishna River, Budameru undersurfaceal, overgorges, excogitationVijayawada is the third largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Over the out of date age, Vijayawada has been experiencing extensive teac hing coupled with high urban addition. It is an important commercial and transport eye of the State. Being a big city people from all oer the country are migrating to Vijayawada for their livelihood irrespective of their caste and creed. The rapid urbanisation in the city has led to increment the line of work of settlements with the unsafe locatings which at last takes natural disaster. In addition to this, cloggy rains in this area have been causing frequent floods with roads in many places submerged for several(prenominal) hours and the road traffic coming to a halt, bringing in bulky damage to public and private properties. satiates are the most damaging phenomena that violence to the social and economic of the nation. It is one of the major disasters affecting the population in kick downstairsicular those living in high risk areas, in the flood athletic fields and the low lying areas causing extensive damage to properties and even loss of lives. alone before study ing the impact of the floods in the low lying areas of Vijayawada, permit us first understand the meaning of Floods.AFloodis an rising tide of weewee supply that submerges land.TheEuropean Union(EU)Floods Directivedefines a flood as a covering by piddle of land not commonly covered by weewee. Flooding whitethorn result from the volume of peeing inside a body of water, such as ariverorlake, which overflows or breaks levees, with the result that some of the water escapes its usual boundaries,or may be referable to accumulation of rainwater on saturated soil in an aerial floodFloods are caused by many factors heavy rain, highly acceleratedsnowmelt, severe winds over water, unusual high tides,tsunamis, or failure of dams,levees,retention ponds, or other structures that retained the water. Flooding rotter be exacerbated by increased amounts of impervious surface or by other natural hazards such as wildfires, which reduce the supply of phytology that can absorb rainfall. The factors which are responsible for the make full of Vijayawada city will be studied in a detailed manner in the following study.TOPOGRAPHY OF THE CITYThe city is sited at the foot of a low range hammocks on the northern verify of the river Krishna with its cardinal points as 16 31 North latitude and 80 37 East longitude, well-nigh 70 km a carriage from the coast.The land lay of Vijayawada is characterized by four lines, four hills and the river Krishna. Vijayawada when approached from Guntur is welcomed by the historic gates across the holy river Krishna. The way to Machilipatnam runs mate to Budameru distribution channel and crosses two other canals.There are four major hillsa) Indrakiladri Hillb) Machavaram Hillc) Gunadala Hilld) Moghalrajapuram HillThe natural flip of the old townspeople is falling from north to south whereas the new town slopes down from west to east. When compared to the old town, the new town is flat and accordingly makes drainage less effective. Though the city is nurtureed from high flood banks in the gray side, the low-lying lands are not immune to floods.Indrakiladri hill (One town Vidyadharapuram)-The areas covered by Indrakiladri hill are popularly know as I Town and Vidyadharapuram. It is situated on the West look and Northern Side of Vijayawada City. The cover of the hills is somewhat 240 Meters. The delimitation of the hills is intimately 10 km. The areas such as Ramarajaya Nagar, Kummaraalem, 4-Pillar center, Ali Nagar, Kabela Road are falling with in this hill area.Mogalrajapuram hillMogalarajpuram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill range fit(p) on the Eastern side of Vijayawada city. The supreme height of the hills is to the highest degree 250 Meters. The perimeter of the hills is about 6 kms. The areas such as Dasari Ramana Nagar, Ravi Chettu Center, Sunnapubattila Center are falling within these hill areas.Machavaram hillMachavaram Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill range located on the East Side of Vijayawada City. The maximal height of the hills is about 240 Mts. The perimeter of the the hill area is about 4 km. The areas such as Karimkanagar, Gulammohiddin Nagar, Maruthinagar are falling within these hill areas.Gundala hillGunadala Hills of Vijayawada is a major hill range located on the Eastern Side of Vijayawada city. The upper limit height of the hills is about 242 Meters. The perimeter of the hills is about 10 km. The areas such as Ayyapanagar, Kristurajapuram, Vijayanagar liquidation, Arunlagar, Lurthnagar, Betlahem Nagar etc. are falling within these hill areas.Source of the Information MRO (Urban), receipts Dept, Vijayawada.Canals-The Krishna Eastern Main Canal on the left bank of Krishna River, after on traversing for one km gets divided into three canals Eluru canal, Bandar canal and Ryves canal traversing the upcountry city. A start up from these, Budameru stream skirts the city limits to pass through the rural section of the VMC.Bandar CanalThe canal tra verses for a distance of 7.5 km on the southern side of the city. For free movement of traffic, the canal has 10 link up built across it.Ryves CanalThe canal flows for a distance of approximately 7.6 km on the north-eastern side of the city. There are about 8 bridge over across it.Eluru CanalThe canal runs for a total distance of around 65 km in Krishna and West Godavari districts. There are about six road bridges, two railway bridges and two foot-over bridges across the canal.Land Use ProfileThe city area can be broadly divided into two categories one Developed area and the second Undeveloped area. Of the Vijayawada corporation area of 6188 ha, the developed land part of the city covers 3753 ha accounting for around 61% of the city area, going 2435 ha undeveloped.Land Use Composition Vijayawada, 2004S.NoLand Use discipline in Ha.% to developedarea% to total areaDeveloped theatrical role1.Residential ( Built -up )1348.2535.9221.792.Mixed-Residential ( Built -up )141.363.772. 283.Residential vacant plots229.026.104.114.Commercial247.916.64.015.industrial72.381.931.176.Public Semi- public270.167.24.377.Institutional178.314.752.888.Parks Play grounds60.341.600.569. volunteer(a) / Others3.10.080.0510.Roads800.8121.3412.9411.Railway190.495.083.0812.Water Bodies ( Canals Others)211.265.633.41Sub replete(p)3753.3910060.65Un-Developed office13.Agricultural Area885.9736.4014.3214.Vacant Lands618.2725.399.9915.Water Bodies ( River)668.4227.4510.8016.Hills262.0610.764.23Sub Total2434.72100.0039.35 rever curio Total6188.11100.00100.00Source VGTMUDARivers and jamsThere are two rivers flowing from VijayawadaKrishna RiverBudameru river/ give out which creates havoc during rainy oceanson.Krishna RiverThe River Krishna takes of its origin in the Western Ghats at an overhead railway of (+) 1336 Mts and runs for a length of about 1400 km and runs through Vijayawada city and joins at Bay of Bengal. The length of Krishna River up to Prakasam snipe is about 1310 km. The flow of the river is managed partially by the Nagarjuna Sagar dam which is located to the west of Krishna District and Prakasam Barrage which is located at the beginning of the city.The Krishna Flood bank Above Prakasam Barrage is about 13km and below flood bank is 6.40 km which creates havoc in flood season which starts from June to December. Water release from barrage with 4, 12,734 to 10, 94,422 Cusecs is been observed over the years.Dam managementSince the main purpose of the dam is to provide irrigation, the dam governing try to fill the reservoirs during the monsoon to ensure water availability for the farmers in the border districts during summers. Therefore occurrence of severe rainfall (1 day or 2 day extreme precipitation) ascribable to cyclone or depression during the latter half(a) of the monsoon season in the lower and middle Krishna basin leads sudden increase in the reservoir level forcing the dam authorities to release water which sometime exceeds the car rying capacity of the river. This leads to flooding along the downstream.Flood aversThe total length of flood bank in Krishna District (within which the Vijayawada city is located) is 226.98 km. The flood banks of the River Krishna were sooner formed in 1892. The flood banks were provided on both sides of the River up to sea as detailed below to contain the flood water with in the flood banks and there by protect the properties and human lives etc in Krishna District. expound of Flood Banks in Krishna DistrictS.No.Details Of The Flood BanksLength In km1.Krishna leave flood bank(above Prakasam Barrage)13.002.Krishnalanka Flood bank(below Prakasam Barrage)6.403.Krishna leftfield flood Bank (below PrakasamBarrage)89.604.Divi Left flood bank36.005.Divi Right Flood Bank32.006.K.E. Tidal Bank Divi Island22.007.Kona Tidal Bank (Machilipatnam Side)18.508.Seadyke Flood Bank (Machilipatnam Side)2.509.West Side Flood Bank (MachilipatnamSide)6.0010.Rudravaram Flood Bank (MachilipatnamSide)4 .00Total230.00Source Irrigation DeptKrishna Lanka Flood Bank (3.38 km) This flood bank was formed during 1967 to protect the residents of Krishnalanka of Vijayawada city.Embankments /Flood Bank locationsS.NoName of theEmbankmentLength of theEmbankment in kmArea coveredLength of theEmbakment within the ward1Krishna Left Flood Bank(Above Barrage) From ( Ibrhimpatnamto Prakasham Barage)13kmIbrahimPatnam toBhavaniPuram6km2Bhavani puram ToKarakatta South5km3Krakatta South toLanchirevu/PunnamiHotel2km1Krishna Left Flood bank(Bellow PrakashamBarrage) From Brrage to RamalaingeswaraNagar (Krishna Lanka)6.40kmRanadheevi nagar22Taraka Ramanagar1.403Bhupesh Gupta Nagar14RamalingeswarNagar2Budameru River/DrainInformation given in the following pages.FloodsFloods are caused by two rivers in the Vijayawada. One is Krishna River which is on the southern part of the city and the other is Budameru River which is on the North- Western part of the city. Both these rivers contribute to the canal network . Bandar canal and Ryves canal are fed by Krishna River while Eluru canal is fed by Krishna River and partially by Budameru River. The contribution of water from Budameru is mostly seasonal and the canal networks are used to discharge excess/flood wet.The topography of the city is complex. The central part of the city is above flood plain with hills while Southern and Northern parts of the city are on flood plain. This problem was realized by the irrigation subdivision in afterward half of twentieth century and bunds were constructed along canals to prevent flood waters from entering the city.The floods in Vijayawada city due to Krishna River, is a regular phenomenon. nearly every monsoon people living in the flood plains of Krishna River are affected.Krishna FloodsThe primary quill reason for the flooding is the unauthorized settlements along the river which had taken place due to lack of prep and enforcement.Flood in the River Krishna are both due to South West Monsoon in t he middle of June and continues up to end of kinsfolk and North East Monsoon begins in October and continues till end of November. mellowed floods usually occur during October.History of HazardIn general, flooding by the Krishna River is a regular phenomenon. The flood history of Krishna River indicates that its flow is uncertain. With the embankments in place the river flows bank to bank almost once in every five years or twice every decade. This time span of five years usually encourages low economic class people to settle on the flood bank. Further the presence of embankments provide a false intelligence of security to the people and also encourages people who are on the river make do that soon the government is going to construct a embankment that will protect their house. With the rapid increase in population, large numbers of people end up occupying the area between the flood bank along the Bandar canal and the Krishna River. These areas are subjected to regular flooding during monsoons. In order to safe keep the people and the livelihood the Irrigation department constructed a flood bank parallel to the old bund including the unauthorized settlements which had come up. This structure was designed to prevent the settlements from flooding. The old flood bank was then converted to serve the purpose of transit (currently NH5). The people who were earlier residing in flood plain were provided with legal monomania and the area was take ond within the city town planning scheme. family Wise observed Maximum Floods in Krishna RiverSl.No.DateMonth yrCusecsU/S SideD/S SideBarrage1.7thOct190310,60,830(+)70.55(+)69.5523.502.11thAug19149,48,632(+)68.20(+)67.9521.153.2ndNov19179,55,460(+)68.10(+)67.2521.054.24thSep19499,24,736(+)68.15(+)66.0021.105.2ndOct19649,87,852(+)68.25(+)65.3023.206.sixthAug19664,12,734(+)57.95(+)55.9012.907.30th sept19745.97.800(+)60.65(+)58.4015.608.10thJuly19838,27,310(+)64.05(+)62.3519.009.24thJuly19896,86,910(+)61.95(+)55.016.9010. 17thOct19989,32,000(+)65.45(+)63.3020.0411.21stSept20057,40,232(+)62.65(+)60.0017.6012.17thAug20065,56,618(+)59.85(+)57.6014.8013.21stSept20075,56,618(+)59.85(+)57.6014.8014.11thAug20084,22,660(+)57.55(+)55.2012.5015.5thOct200910,94,422(+)68.78(+)67.5023.47Source Irrigation DeptThe maximum flood discharge observed during the year 1903 is 10.60 lakh cusecs. After the plait of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in the upstream of the river, during the year 1998 Krishna River received a maximum flood discharge of 9.32 lakh cusec and caused alarming situation throughout the flood banks below the Prakasam Barrage. Subsequently the flood banks of Krishna River were restored to original standards during the year 1999 to 2000.These restorations did not include flood banks which are within and nearby Vijayawada city namely Krishna Left Flood Bank (upstream of Prakasam Barrage) and Krishnalanka Flood Bank (downstream of Prakasam Barrage).Reasons for Krishna FloodThis region receives maximum rainfall bo th by southwest and retreating monsoons.The primary reason for the flooding is the unauthorized settlements along the river which had taken place due to lack of planning and enforcement.Vijayawada is located on the line which separates the delta-irrigated lands.Flood bank below barrage is about 6.40 km which creates havoc in flood season from June to December.High Water release at time from barrage with 4, 12,734 to 10, and 94,422 Cusecs of water released in various years.Developmental activities like sluice connectivity to into the river is causing back water (3 sluices connected into river).Bund cutting for public private developmental activities (ex sluice, surprise water drains) approach roads for bigger vehicles.Allotting the residential areas officially in flood zone. Ex Police resolution.Breach occurrence and damages occurred to the flood bank with slips and erosion.With little authoritative power over the settlements along the flood banks, the irrigation department is unab le to attend swiftly in vulnerable areas.This situation is moreover complicated by the false hope provided by the politicians in their campaigns during elections that they would encourage these illegal settlements. In order to gain vote, some of them even hollo to protect these people by assuring that once they are elective they would legalize their settlements and will also revisiting the existing embankments. This measure was taken in 1970s when the location of embankments were changed to include people who are in the flood plains.Elevation and location details of Flood affected areasElevation and location details of Flood affected areasAreaElevationLongitudeLatitudeKrishna River37 Ft.Krishna Lanka86 Ft.1603017.70 N8003622.61 EKrishna Lanka72-83 Ft.1603012.64 N8003719.48 EP.N.Bus stand85 Ft.1603030.54 N8003659.67 EVMC97 Ft.1603038.41 N8003642.15 EKrishna Lanka Tardwra62-73-74Ft.1603727. 80N8003011.79 ERanadhive Nagar74-79 Ft.1603020.69 N8003712.75 EBus Stand back69 Ft.1603022 .00 N8003700.54 EBhupesh GuptaNagar55-64 Ft.1602946.92 N8003807.91 ERamalingeswaraNagar UGD53 Ft.1602907.94 N8003921.17 EPolice Colony59 Ft.1602908.01 N8003924.18 EK.R.Market81 Ft.1603048.62 N8003649.36 EIndira Gandhi sphere70 Ft.1603017.72 N8003817.23 ERTC Colony85 Ft.1603151.24 N8003615.21 EGannavaram80 Ft.1603150.99 N8004745.57 EPatamata girls HighSchool69 Ft.1602943.39 N8004005.38 EKrishna River atPunnami52 Ft.1603128.76 N8003508.48 EPunnami Ghat82 Ft.1603134.71 N8003516.88 ESource Irrigation DeptList of vulnerable areas to the Krishna floodVulnerabilitypopulationareaAreaKrishna Flood155571.15Lanchi Revu157221.88karakattaKrishna Flood158142.81Police colony147980.65Bhupesh Gupta nagar146080.5Tarakaramanagar147251.46Randheer Nagar154180.72153201.92Busstand(back)Saibaba synagogue12196211.09Source irrigation DeptBudameru FloodsThe Budameru River flows from the North Western part of the Krishna District. The river originates in the hills surrounding Mylavaram and flows into Kolleru L ake. In order to control the floods the river is dammed at Velagaleru village, Budameru diversion channel (BDC) is constructed from Velagaleru to join Krishna River upstream of Prakasam barrage.Budameru River is mainly controlled at two areas before reaching Vijayawada city. The first is the governor across the Budameru drain at Velagaleru village and at Vijayawada Thermal causation Station (VTPS) which is located on the western part of the city on the upstream of Prakasam barrage. The Budameru River apart from flowing along the western part of the city towards the VTPS also enters the city from the north leading into the Budameru canal which runs parallel to Eluru Canal.The problem starts at the tail end of the monsoon, with the reservoir being almost full (but not to its full capacity) and the occurrence of severe rainfall. Since the mandate of the regulator management at Budameru is to fill the reservoir to its capacity and the distrust within the rainfall information the relea se from the regulator drain block, water flow from topical anesthetic catchment causes flooding usually in the northern part of the cityThe question in the rainfall is a common phenomenon within the Krishna Basin. This is especially due to the depressions and cyclones which form in both the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. This uncertainty combined with the limited carrying capacity of the river and the proximity of the Velagaleru Village regulator provides low respite time for both the administrative personnel to prevent the floods and people to prevent their losses. The design and establishment of the EWS should take into account of this important aspect.The Budameru flood assessment is based on the study of topography and location information stash away from secondary sources. There was not much information made operational with respect to the regulator release at the Velagaleru Village.Budameru canal has already been promiscuously blocked by developments and encroachments re sulting in thousands of people abandoning their shelters to safe places, loss of property, leaving unhygienic environment for weeks.Settlement along the river course, the vast land pockets on both the sides of the rivulet in New Rajarajeswari Peta, and the Rajeev Nagar area are the large(p) low lying areas prove to flood disaster.HistoryBudameru Water discharge during floodsQuantified Budameru Water discharge during floodsSl.No.Date YearDischarge by means ofTotalDischargein cusecsBudameru in cusecsDiversionChannel inCusecsBudameruCourseCusecs(belowreguletor)19.9.62590029238823222.8.636150616812318322.9.64111252847039595419.5.6975001858026080521.8.7152631963722610.8.7622251478417009731.7.786150163022245286.10.834250960013850913.8.86680013200200001023.7.891062524371349961111.5.90780024473322731223.9.91750018572260721324.8.200078503699115491420.9.20051094514000249451520.9.20059900710017000Source Irrigation DeptRainfall and Flood particularsRainfall and Flood particularsFlood flow (C usecs)YearRainfall (MM)Flood flow (Cusecs)existingNormal1988-8912641029243711989-9015801029244731990-919211029185722005-0612391034140002008-09118810347100Reasons for Budameru FloodsFlood plainWhile Krishna River flooding affects to the flood plains on the outside of the embankments, but the Budameru River affects the entire North and North western part of the city. This is mainly due to the limited carrying capacity of the Budameru river channel and lack of fitted mechanisms to drain the excess water during severe rain into the Krishna River.The problem arises when Budameru catchment gets more than average rainfall within 24 48 hours. This leads to the reservoir in the Velagaleru village reach critical level forcing the irrigation department to release water causing floods in Vijayawada.Adding rain water from local catchment and Hills.2. The settlementsThe population growth of the city has led to the slow movement of people towards the foot of the hills, which later led to expansi on in to the flood zones. Even though much of these settlements are unauthorized the municipality attempts to cater to the basic needs of these illegal settlements by providing services such as roads, water supply and sanitation. These privileges have gain encouraged the settlements in expanding in the high slope / risk inclined(predicate) areas.Other reasonsNon feasible house constructionsSilting of drainsBack water due to conjution in storm water (HB colony, Bhavnipuram)Raising the road levels in flood streetOccupying the flood bundsCutting the bund for development activities like bus shelters, beautification etc (Singh Nagar)Less sentience about the situation and negligence about the problem among people.Besides this chocking storm rain water canals, sluice and back water also cause the Budameru flood severely and damage the lives and propertyElevation details of likely Flood affected areas with BudameruAreaElevationLongitudeLatitudeAjit Singh Nagar75 Ft.1603221.66 N8003828. 52EVambay Colony68 Ft.1603214.17 N8003917.80ER.R.Pet72 Ft.1603159.80 N8003747.60EBudameru at NewR.R.Pet67 Ft.1603207.69 N8003753.65ERajeev Nagar67 Ft.1603215.18 N8003912.40ER.R.Peta field67 Ft.1603243.98 N8003725.68EJakkampudi91 Ft.1603501.71 N8003655.58ELBS Nagar68 Ft.1603259.87 N8003655.58EAndhra PatrikaColony1603300.92 N8003841.56ERajeev Nagar64 Ft.1603322.73 N8003845.93ELBS Nagar68 Ft.1603257.55 N8003858.98EList of Budameru flood effected areasBudameru effecting AreasS. No.populationArea(Sqkm)Circle familyAreas17744.50.64I29Rotary nagar, Ekalayvya nagar,Urmila subbarao nagar,ambedkar road,Kabela27396.50.4930KLRao Nagar7814.50.2131DeenadayalNagar,Ambedkar nagar478610.9427Ambedkar Road5152011.2528Housingboard colony, Labor colonySubtotal46017.53.5361015153550.33236DeenadayalNagar,Ambedkar nagar16130230.5649Old RR Peta17140924.2152