Excel Logistics Case Essay

Purpose To introduce participants to the supply chain concept and to the effects decisions along the chain have on inventory levels and costs. Introduction In this game the retailer sells cases of beer to a consumer and orders cases of beer from the wholesaler; the wholesaler sells cases of beer to the retailer and orders cases of beer from the distributor; and the distributor sells cases of beer to the wholesaler and orders beer from the factory (brewery). The factory brews the beer. The beer supply chain is shown below: Players of the game each take on a different role in the supply chain. The roles are the Factory, Distributor, Wholesaler and Retailer. Each position is directly linked, and beer cannot skip the adjacent position. For example, the Wholesaler orders beer from the Distributor, and ships beer to the Retailer. An important consideration in making decisions is the delay in the movement of beer through the supply chain. It takes three periods to move an order of beer between each player in the supply chain. If during period 3 the Wholesaler decides to ship 10 cases of beer to the Retailer, the beer would take periods 4 and 5 to move to the Retailer and then would be available for sale by the Retailer at the beginning of period 6. Similarly, orders are not visible to the upstream player for one period. For example, if the Wholesaler places an order in period 3, the order is received by the Distributor at the beginning of period 4. For each period of play, every participant follows the same cycle: 1. The system is updated by your instructor where new orders and shipments are received, shipments enroute are advanced, and inventory levels and backorder positions are calculated (these tasks are done automatically by the server program. 2. The player updates the status screen and reviews current position. 3. A shipping decision is made according to new orders and backlog, subject to inventory availability, 4. An ordering decision is made for more beer. There are only two costs involved in this simplified version of a logistics  supply chain: inventory holding cost ($1.00/case/period) and back order costs ($2.00/case/period). Each team has the goal of minimizing the sum of these costs by balancing the cost of having inventory (inventory holding cost) with the cost of being out of inventory when a customer orders beer (back order cost). The server program keeps track of the costs incurred by each team. At the end of the game, the total game cost for the distribution system is the sum of the four individual participants’ total costs (retailer cost + wholesaler cost + distributor cost + factory cost). The goal is to minimize team costs. Action The game begins with a fully-loaded â€Å"pipeline† of cases of beer: – 16 cases of inventory in each position’s â€Å"current inventory,† – 4 cases in each of the â€Å"production delay† pipeline, – 4 cases in each of the â€Å"shipping delay† pipeline, – each position has an initial order for 4 cases of beer. Definitions The following terms are used in the status report: Current Demand – This is the demand for the current period at this position. For the Retailer, this demand is determined by an external demand stream. For all other positions, this demand reflects an order placed by the downstream position in the supply chain during the previous period. Backorder – This is the demand that has not been met to date at this position. When a position does not meet demand by shipping cases of beer, the backorder amount is increased. This amount does not include the demand during the current period. Current Shipment – This is the amount that is being shipped to the downstream position during the current period. After the ordering and shipping decisions have been made, the â€Å"status† button can be used to update the status report. The status report will reflect the current order and shipment decisions. Remember that after the instructor has updated the system, the â€Å"statu s† button should be pressed again to receive a report that reflects the execution of the decisions for the previous period. On Hand – This is the current amount in inventory at the position. This is the total amount that can be shipped this period from this position. Due Next Period – This is the number of units that are scheduled to arrive at this position next period. Due In Two Periods – This is the number of units that are scheduled to arrive in two periods. Current Order Release – This is the number of units that are being ordered from the upstream position. The  upstream position will not see this order until after the system has been updated to the next period. Inventory Cost – This is the cumulative inventory cost for this position. This is calculated from the actual inventory balance at the end of each simulated period. During the update process, the system first ships material to the downstream position, updates the cumulative inventory and backorder costs based on the inventory and backorder levels, and then receives new material into the position. Backorder Cost – This is the cumulative backorder cost for the position. Tot al Cost – This is the total cumulative cost for the position.

Addiction to Intoxicants

II. Intoxication conceptual analysis Intoxication is the acute state of physical and cognitive impairment caused by drinking alcohol or being exposed to a psychoactive drug. Intoxication typically has both physical and mental effects, which can include difficulties with controlling movement, mood changes, impairment of cognitive skills, impaired judgment, impaired impulse control, and changes in interpreting your surroundings or the behavior of others.These changes and impairments may be  reinforcing, and may be perceived as amusing by the intoxicated person and/or their companions, but they increase the person's vulnerability to a wide range of problems, including violence, sexual assault, accidents, and misadventure. Although the term â€Å"intoxication† is most commonly used to refer to the acute (immediate or short-term) effects of alcohol, intoxication may also be used to refer to the effects of other drugs, including amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucino gens, inhalants, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics. We can define intoxication as in . eneral condition of diminished mental and physical ability hyperexcitability, or stupefaction induced by intake of alcohol or other narcotic  substance Intoxication is a condition that follows the administration of a psychoactive substance and results in disturbances in the level of consciousness, cognition, perception, judgement, affect, or behaviour, or other psychophysiological functions and responses. The disturbances are related to the acute pharmacological effects of, and learned responses to, the substance and resolve with time, with complete recovery, except where tissue damage or other complications have arisen.The term is most commonly used with regard to alcohol use: its equivalent in everyday speech is â€Å"drunkenness†. Alcohol intoxication is manifested by such signs as facial flushing, slurred speech, unsteady gait, euphoria, increased activity, volubility, disorderly conduct, slowed reactions, impaired judgement and motor incoordination, insensibility, or stupefaction. Intoxication is highly dependent on the type and dose of drug and is influenced by an individual's level of tolerance and other factors. Frequently, a drug is taken in order to achieve a desired degree of intoxication.The behavioural expression of a given level of intoxication is strongly influenced by cultural and personal expectations about the effects of the drug. As a result of consuming alcohol, an intoxicated person does not have the normal use of physical or mental faculties. There is no single scientific measure that determines whether a person is intoxicated, since intoxication is an observed state. Therefore, determining whether a person is intoxicated requires observing a person’s mental and physical state, and comparing that state and observed behaviour to a normal person in full possession of his or her faculties.Now a days intoxiation is generally found among teenagers and children attaining maturity. Irony is this most of them know it’s ill effects but still they do just for their mental pleasure or may be by personal deviance. Mostly comparing himeslf from others that if they can do , why not me. III. TYPES OF INTOXICATION 1. Alcohol intoxication 2. Narcotic inoxication 3. Cocaine intoxication 4. Drug overdose 5. Inhalant abuse Alcohol intoxication Alcohol intoxication  (also known as  drunkenness  or  inebriation) is a physiological state induced by the consumption of  alcohol.Problems accumulate when alcohol builds up in the  bloodstream  faster than it can be metabolized by the  liver. Some effects of alcohol intoxication are central to alcohol's desirability  as a beverage  and its history as the world's most widespread  recreational drug. Common effects are  euphoria  and lowered  social inhibitions. Other effects are unpleasant or dangerous because alcohol affects many dif ferent areas of the body at once and may cause progressive, long-term harm when consumed in excess. Narcotic intoxication Narcotics are medicines used to decrease or take away severe pain. Narcotics may also be called opioids.Some common names of narcotics ordered by a doctor are codeine and morphine. Heroin is an illegal street drug that is made from morphine. The more commonly known drugs withinthis group are opium,  morphine, heroin,  codeine, andmethadone  (a synthetic narcotic). Cocaine intoxication Cocaine intoxication  refers to the immediate effects of  cocaine  on the body. Although cocaine intoxication and cocaine dependence can be present in the same individual, they present with different sets of symptoms. Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality.Common side effects include anxiety, increased temperature, paranoia, restlessness, and tooth grinding. With prolonged use, oft en accompanied by lack of  sleep, the drug can cause  itching,  tachycardia,  hallucinations, and  paranoid delusions. Possible lethal side effects include rapid heartbeat, tremors, convulsions, markedly increased core temperature, heart attack, stroke and heart failure. DRUG OVERDOSE The term  drug overdose  (or simply  overdose  or  OD) describes the  ingestion  or application of a  drug  or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended  or generally practiced. 2]  An overdose may result in a  toxic state  or  death. Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally to commit  suicide  or as  self-harm, but many drug overdoses are accidental, the result of intentional or unintentional misuse of medication. Unintentional misuse leading to overdose can include using prescribed or unprescribed drugs in excessive quantities in an attempt to produce  euphoria. INHALANT ABUSE Inhalants  are a broad range of  drugs  whose v olatile vapors are taken in via the  nose  and  trachea. They are taken by room temperature  volatilization or from a pressurized container (e. g. nitrous oxide), and do not include drugs that are sniffed after burning or heating. Inhalants can be classified by the intended function. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly. Some of the inhalant abuse are acetone which is used in nail polish, whitener is also used as addictive substance. Why do people intoxicate Intoxication is not a new problem or area to discuss. he main problem is intoxication among youths,teenagers,children attaining maturity, why they are addicted to intoxicants? Why these addiction? Not all drug and alcohol users will become addicts, but they are at risk. Some can overcome it, others no . An exposure to this danger is increasingly occurring at earlier ages: the door is open with the first sip and the pleasure comes to neccesity. Nearly 15% of individuals who â€Å"try† alcohol develop a dependency to it, and become alcoholics. Boys and girls in their adolescence consume on intoxication just to satisfy their needs either mentally or physically. hey all know that what are the bad effects and what are the disadvantages still they knowing all the facts. Experimentation with alcohol during the teen years is common. Some reasons that teens use alcohol and other drugs are: * curiosity * to feel good, reduce stress, and relax * to fit in * to feel older From a very young age, kids see advertising messages showing beautiful people enjoying life — and alcohol. And because many parents and other adults use alcohol socially — having beer or wine with dinner. boys and girls in their adolescence consume alcohols just to satisfy their needs either mentally or physically. hey all know that what are the bad effect and what are the disadvantages still they consume alcohols knowing all the facts. They do so specially because of peer presure ,they are frightened that if they do not accept their group's qualities whether it is good or bad then they wont be allowed in their friend's circle,and once they are excluded from that group then they won’t be able to adjust themselves into other group since they are teengae they don’t know the consequences of their activities. they will do that work in which they will get their own satisfaction their own enjoyment and their own hapiness. nd these things they will get by that group because they are getting what they want and so they dont want to leave that group inspite knowing that their are some bad consequences too. Teens see their parents enjoying a cocktail after work or having a glass of wine at dinner. Drinking comes to represent a very sophisticated and adult thing to do  mom and Dad do it†¦ why shouldn’t I? the teen may reason. They think that there is no one to stop them they think that if drinking is that bad then why my mom and dad are consuming it. So if they are consuming it then what’s the problem I am consuming it.Due to societal influence addiction to intoxication initiated through personal deviance also like when they are depressed, who have low self-esteem, and who feel like they don't fit in or are out of the mainstream. They feel like after consuming alcohol they will get over from their sorrow,frustration and humiliation. And to get rid of it they always like to be alcoholic. IMPACT OF ALCOHOL Alcohol has wonderful anxiolytic properties and people drink alcohol very often because they are stressed and alcohol quite nicely provides the temporary illusion that such stress has dissipated when it fact it has just been temporarily put on hold.Quite often, however, drinking alcohol acts to exacerbate stress in the long run because rather than dealing with the stressful situation, the drinker will often drink to escape the stress, thus prolonging that which is actually stressing them. Moreover, alcohol has been proven to heighten anxiety among those who drink, when they are not drinking it. This, in turn, promotes further drinking which in turn begets further anxiety and really it is just one vicious cycle. Weekends are usually treasured by most teens, as they are looking forward to their big plans.Some may be chilling with friends, catching a movie, going to a concert, or planning to party. Regardless of what they have planned, one thing is for certain; alcohol will be a part of many teens weekend plans and there's research to prove it. As children move from  adolescence  to young adulthood, they face major changes not just developmentally, but emotional and physically. The transition into puberty and adolescence brings about a desire for independence. Many teens turn to  risk taking  and experimenta tion as they navigate through their rite of passage into adulthood, which can lead to drinking.Many teens don't think there's anything wrong with drinking. They've made it into an acceptable activity that they engage in when they're out with their friends, and since they may not drink every night, they don't see the potential harm that it's doing. developmentally teens remain in that imaginary stage that â€Å"bad stuff can't happen to me because I am invincible. †Ã‚   But we know it does†¦ Plus, many teens don't have the ability to see the long-term consequences that drinking can bring. There are many factors that lead to teen drinking.If you ask a teen why they drink you may give you a litany of reasons from: â€Å"I was bored. † â€Å"Everyone else does it. † â€Å"I like how it makes me feel. † â€Å"People like me when I drink because I act different. † â€Å"I just wanted to see what it would make me feel like. † â€Å"My  pare nts  do it so it must not be a big deal. † â€Å"It helps me escape reality. † Effects of alcohol Alcohol damages almost every organ in the body, including the brain; because of the cumulate ive toxic effects of chronic alcohol abuse, the alcoholic risks suffering a range of medical and psychiatric disorders.Alcoholism has profound social consequences for alcoholics and the people of their lives. Long-term alcohol abuse produces physiological changes in the brain such as  tolerance  and  physical dependence. Using alcohol at a young age has negative health effects. Brain Development and Alcohol Abuse * Research indicates that the human brain continues to develop into a person's early 20's, and that exposure of the developing brain to alcohol may have long-lasting effects on intellectual capabilities and may increase the likelihood of alcohol addiction. * The age when drinking starts affects future drinking problems.For each year that the start of drinking is del ayed, the risk of later alcohol dependence is reduced by 14 percent. Drinking and Driving * Car crashes are the leading cause of death among people ages 15 to 20. About 1,900 people under 21 die every year from car crashes involving underage drinking. * Young people are more susceptible to alcohol-induced impairment of their driving skills. Drinking drivers aged 16 to 20 are twice as likely to be involved in a fatal crash as drinking drivers who are 21 or older. Suicide * Alcohol use interacts with conditions like depression and stress, and contributes to an estimated 300 teen suicides a year. High school students who drink are twice as likely to have seriously considered attempting suicide, as compared to nondrinkers. High school students who binge drink are four times as likely to have attempted suicide, as compared to nondrinkers. * Sexual Behavior * Current teen drinkers are more than twice as likely to have had sexual intercourse within the past three months than teens who don' t drink. * Higher drinking levels increase the likelihood of sexual activity. * Adolescents who drink are more likely to engage in risky sexual activities, like having sex with someone they don't know or failing to use birth control.Other Risks * Teens who drink alcohol are more likely than nondrinkers to smoke marijuana, use inhalants, or carry a weapon. * Binge drinking substantially increases the likelihood of these activities. Alcohol addction is not just related to common people,teenager and but many big filmstars and big personality are also addicted to it. The bollywood personalities who have lost their life due to alcohol consumption are Rajesh khanna (first super star of bollywood) Meena kumari The beautiful actress of iconic film Pakeeezah,  was died  due to liver cirrhosis. due to alcohol abuse. Guru dutt, because of alcohol . uthor who have died because of alcohol Jean stafford. People who are living in polar region they usually consume alcohol to keep their body war m. But they are not addicted because it’s their necessity through which they make themselves suitable to live in cold environment. They take it in a limited quantity just to continue their livelihood. We can take the example of Indian Army which are posted in leh and ladakh and which is the coldest place in india and so the indian soldier consume alcohol to make their body warm. Some of the devotee of shiva say our shiva drinks then it’s not bad to drink because we are his followers. nd we should follow our guru. But the real thing is it is just an excuse nothing else. They take the defence of religion to hide their addiction. It’s just an excuse and excuse has no base. The shifting composition of Indian drinkers has seen a rise in the number of Indian women drinking regularly and heavily. One recent study in the southern state of Karnataka found young women consumed similar amounts of alcohol to young men on any typical drinking occasion. Narcotic intoxication effects Narcotic abuse is when you continue to use narcotics even though they are hurting you or others.The more commonly known drugs within this group are opium,  morphine, heroin,  codeine, and methadone  (a synthetic narcotic). In addition, Darvon   7and Talwin7 are included in this group because of their narcotic-like action. Next to cocaine (discussed later),heroin is the most popular narcotic drug because of its intense euphoria and long-lasting effect. It is far more potent than  morphine  but has no legitimate use in the United States. Heroin appears as a white, gray, or tanfluffy   powder. The   most   common   method   of   using heroin is by injection directly into the vein, although it can be sniffed.Codeine, although milder than heroine and  morphine, is sometimes abused as an ingredient in cough syrup  preparations. Users may experience sleepiness, nausea, and vomiting shortly after taking a drug. Most narcotics are considered highly addicti ve, and their abuse tends to lead to long-term dependence and severe withdrawal symptoms and supervising opium cultivation and thereafter, procuring opium from the cultivators. Drug abuse Young people are very gullible and vulnerable to the influences of society, their friends, TV, adults, and those that appear to be fashionable.Hence, a youth may find that all his friends have experienced the use of drugs, and now he is feeling left out because everyone else appears to be having a good time, and all his friends tease him that he is â€Å"chicken†. This unsuspecting youth then decides to ‘experiment' only once, ‘just to try it out. † Furthermore, if he does not have money to buy the drugs, someone may even offer it to him for free. What he does not realize, is that his first weakness, to please his friends, is the biggest mistake that he can ever make. The strategy of the drug dealers is to get as many customers as possible.Some drug dealers are so ruthless that they give out free sweets containing drugs to school children. The trick that they use is to give free drugs to unsuspecting people. Once a person becomes addicted (hooked) he becomes a customer for life. The addicted person will then beg, borrow, steal, prostitute themselves, just to make sure that they have money to buy drugs for their next fix. It is a vicious cycle of crime, prostitution, family breakdown, social breakdown, community breakdown. It is for this reason that intoxicant is known as the source of all evils, Islamicaly termed as the   Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmother of all evils’. ere are many types of drugs available on the market. The general effect of all drugs is basically very similar, though they differ in their speed of action as well as the severity of the harm on the body. All drugs directly affect the brain, since this is the only way of causing mood changes. Some examples of drugs are as follows: 1. Heroin, (upper drug): highly addictive opiate; gives very high rush, followed by many hours of fogginess; the addict lives day to day for the next fix. 2. Marijuana, (downer drug): affects the parts of the brain that deals with emotions and memory. 3.Alcohol, (downer drug): impairs judgements, memory lapses, blackouts. 4. Cocaine, (upper drug): whether in powder form or crack, it is a highly addictive stimulant; addict loses interest in school, family, work, etc. 5. Vapor Inhalants (downer drug): (glue, petrol, hair spray, paint thinners, etc. ) destroy the protective layers around the brain cells. Harmful effects of drugs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physical effects: The brain is the most delicate and powerful computer- it is an amazing organ, with virtually limitless potential- it is a Gift from Allaah; it has to be protected and cherished and its full potential must be utilized.The moment any person takes a drug into the body (either by nose, mouth or vein) the drug enters the blood stream and goes directly to the brain, crosses the blood-b rain barrier (BBB) and occupies various receptor sites in the brain. This leads to alteration in the chemical and electrical neuronal functioning of the brain which also leads to eventual organic damage to this delicate, yet powerful organ. These changes in the brain is what causes the state of ‘addiction'- eventually, the body automatically starts craving for the damaging drug leading to a vicious cycle of abuse and further damage.However, other body organs that are damaged include the following: damaged nasal septum; collapsed ; clotted veins; kidney, liver ; lung failure to various degrees; damage to the brain; infected needles causes Hepatitis Infection and HIV/AIDS.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social effects: The person indulged in the usage of intoxicants displays anti-social behavior such as: staying away from home; stealing; crime; job loss; withdrawal from community; embarrassing behavior in public; deterioration in relationship with parents or wife or children.The m ost harmful effect of drugs is on the brain. INHALANT ABUSE The younger generation is rapidly getting addicted to smoking, liquor and even drugs. What is more shocking is the usage of wide range of substances being used by youths which include inhaling whitener, spirit, petrol, iodex, besides smoking costly cigarettes and getting addicted to alcohol and gutka laced cold drinks. Although, there is no demarcated area or locality which could be identified as more or less in the grip of this menace, youths residing in the areas ocated close to slums, interior colonies and those habited by the lower income group people are more vulnerable of being grabbed in the clutches of this dreaded practice. The addiction could be anything from consuming Iodex pasted on bread to drinking laboratory sprit which they call turatithe name derived from the time duration it takes to intoxicate the addicted and minimal price in which it is available. But, what forces the youths to get addicted to such subs tances, is a big question in store. Peer pressure, boredom, frustration, academic and parental pressures, even genetic factors and lack of emotional support are some of the reasons that make the youth go astray and seek temporal solace in the world of intoxicants,† says Prof Deepa Punetha, a faculty in the department of psychology, Allahabad University. Teenagers, who feel unwanted or fail to adjust themselves in the society, too, wander into the world of addictive substances, she adds.The easy availability of such products, too, gives a fillip to such products. Scores of `paan' shops can be seen in the proximity of educational institutions in the city. Then, the liquor shops have started coming up in residential areas which lure young minds towards them. There are occasions when youngsters, under peer pressure, fall in the vicious circle of tobacco and drugs. What we see today is school kids standing on `paan' shops and smoking costly cigarettes.Among other things, `whitener' (a stationery product) is being used as a form of addictive substance. Since, it is cheap and easily available, many youngsters are getting addicted to it. the primary contents of whitener and diluter are alcohol they are being increasingly used by youngsters for intoxication. Once they are combined with the other chemical acetone present in the whitener and diluter they depress the central nervous system of the body.For some moments, it puts an addict on a high but it has serious consequences in the long run. Prolonged use of these chemicals may result in blindness, diabetes, kidney disorder and cancer also. † IV. Preventive measures Parents can prevent their children from using drugs by talking to them about drugs, open communication, role modeling, responsible behavior, and recognizing if problems are developing Alcohol advertising and promotion is rapidly expanding throughout the world and is increasingly sophisticated and arefully targeted, including to youth. It is aime d to attract, influence, and recruit new generations of potential drinkers despite industry codes of self-regulation that are widely ignored and often not enforced. India is projected as a market with huge potential for the Alcohol Industry resulting in an increased market presence of the industry with their undesirable marketing and promotional activities.India spends about 244 billion rupees each year to manage the direct cost of alcohol use, which is more than the excise earned. (WHO, 2006) It urged the Government of India to adopt and implement the global strategy in order to complement and support public health policies and to mobilize political will and financial resources to reduce harmful use of alcohol. Effective solutions lay in sustainable action, requiring strong leadership, a solid base of awareness, political will and commitment.Public health strategies that seek to regulate the availability of alcohol; reducing the impacts of marketing, including surrogate advertiseme nts, particularly to adolescents, young people and women; mobilising communities to adopt effective approaches to prevent and reduce harmful use of alcohol; reducing the public health harm and social consequences from alcohol intoxication and consumption of illicitly produced alcohol; pricing policies that can be used to reduce underage drinking, halt progression towards drinking large volumes of alcohol and/ or episodes of heavy drinking.Mindful of the present realities, challenges and a lack of a national policy, the workshop Urges the Government of India to formulate a National Alcohol Policy. Programmes have been initiated in the areas of alternatives to drug use, voluntary or governmental. Parent-teacher associations have yet to take roots within the school systems in the country; hence there is a great need for specially designed educational programmes for children. The same holds true for school health and education programmes. Some of the following steps can be taken for pri mary prevention of drug abuse: Research and surveys on drug abuse;Drug education of secondary school and college students, teachers and parents; Dissemination of information on the dangerous effects of intoxicant substances by radio, television and films and discussion of the social consequences in conferences and seminars in educational institutions; and ‘Family life education’ which envisages the provision of community based services to prevent drug abuse by education of parents and children and offering counselling and guidance to drug- prone individuals within the family setting.The National Anti-Drug Strategy focuses on prevention and access to treatment for those with drug dependencies, while at the same time getting tough on drug dealers and producers who threaten the safety of our youth and communities. It is made up of three action plans: * The  Prevention Action Plan  which aims to prevent illicit drug use * The  Treatment Action Plan  which aims to tr eat those with drug dependencies; and * The  Enforcement Action Plan  which aims to combat the production and distribution of illicit drugs. There are many NGO’s who prevent addiction of drugs and alcohol.By the government of india smoking in public area has been said as an offence. And it has been as a punishable crime. Also the government of india had also made a law that a children below 18 years of age cannot be applied to any job regarding production of tobbaco and selling of it. Gutka production and selling has also been baned by the government of india and this has alo been made a punishable crime. Conclusion & Suggestion from the above statement we can here by conclude that intoxication has become a very big issue of our country. ntoxication has covered a measure population and still branching itself in most part of the country. Government is also trying their best and is making their best effort eliminate the problem from the root. They have made many laws and ma king intoxication as a crime. It has been said that â€Å"the best prevention is early  intervention†, but by this time it is too late, the person has already started. If the progress of alcoholism can be stopped early in its course, then great individual and family disruption can be avoided.National efforts at prevention of alcoholism include education at all levels, increased publicity and the creative use of media sources. Such efforts have already influenced nicotine addiction in older smokers; although the message of nicotine’s harmful effects are just beginning to impact teenage smokers. But alcohol and other drug programs   do have clear, positive effects, and prevention activities continue to be applied at local and national levels with different strategies for different target groups.However, as with most things, prevention starts with the individual. APPENDIX-1 INTERVIEW 1 Date : 18. 04. 2013 Name : ARUN KANODIA place : contacted in person Age : 35 Sex : MALE Occupation : ADVOCATE IN PATNA HIGH COURT QUESTION 1: In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in youth or teenagers? ANSWER: By seeing others, they think if they can do then why not me.They are also capable of doing this they also want to show as if they are adult so this kind of tedency develop inside them. And they are at the verge of maturity so they don’t know the consequence. QUESTION 2: what role society play in making the youth drifted towards intoxication? ANSWER: Society plays a great role , because teens see that most of them is intoxicate and they are doing it without any hinderance as no one is there to stop them and no one is saying, protesting. everyone is free to do by his her own will.This attitude motivate them towards intoxication. QUESTION 3:why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casualy? ANSWER :Because they think drinking, smoking is cool. This will show their status this will show their class. while poor people ta ke it because of their social problems and they are so addicted that even if they are knowing about it’s effects then also they won’t bother about their life, they will just go on. People take it causally because they havn’t seen yet the extent of effects of intoxication.They think it’s okay if they will die but they don’t realise that not only them but the person also get effectd by their act. They don’t care about others. they care about their own happiness, own pleasure. QUESTION 4: what are the preventive measures taken by the society till today? ANSWER :Till now only law has been made to prevent this , and violation of these laws will lead to punishment nothing more than that. There is lack of man force to prevent this. Same police is appointed for stoping any aggitation, to be the body guard of VIP person, to maintain peace in crowd like in puja’s, election.So how can the same police can do lots of thing. They are also negligent in their part like ok if he has violated the law then he must be punished only, not to do more than that to prevent that such things in future. So a strong law should be made. QUESTION 5:what should be the preventive measure should be taken to eradicate the consumption of intoxication in near future? ANSWER:Government should completely stop giving licence to these people to run liquor shop, or to sale tobbaco because at the same time they are saying say no to tobacco.Tobbaco is injurious to health and same time they are giving license to run this because they are taking tax from these people which will be benefical to them so profit is on the side of government. Loss is also there because by consuming this people are getting health issues like cancer and many more so for this treatment government is making hospitals for it. And appointment of doctors also take a large amount of money. APPENDIX-2 INTERVIEW 2 Date : 18. 04. 2013Name : GIRDHAR PRASAD place : contacted in person Age : 43 Sex : MALE Occupation : POLICE QUESTION 1: In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in youth or teenagers? ANSWER : They consume because think it’s classy and they want to prove infront of their circle that they are very advance and adult. They do it for fun and they are much more adult and they want to prove that they can drink or smoke without any hindrance. QUESTION 2: what role society play in making the youth drifted towards intoxication?ANSWER : They look after their neighbor who consume alcohol and smoke cigarette and they get fascinated and they try for their pleasure. They think no one to stop them , then who would like to stop them too. QUESTION 3: Why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casually? ANSWER : They consume alcohol too much that they become habituated of it and finally they get addicted. They think this is this the life they are living with full freedom, no hindrance, and they follow the policy of whatever they have t o face they can face it easily.QUESTION 4: What are the preventive measures taken by the government till today? ANSWER : Steps taken by govt. to eliminate intoxication from india Govt. has made an act that there should not be any participation of children below the age of 18 in respect to production n sale of tobacco. Smoking in public area has been made an offence and fine is applicable if one is caught doing this crime. Govt. has increased the rate and taxes so that people consume less tobacco and alcoholic product.QUESTION 5:What should be the preventive measure should be taken to eradicate the consumption of intoxication in near future? ANSWER : People should be educated from beginning about the ill effects of intoxication and what are the several disadvantages of smoking and consuming alcohol. APPENDIX-3 INTERVIEW 3 Date : 18. 04. 2013 Name : PUNSCHA place : contacted in person Age : SINCE 2005 QUESTION 1 : In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in outh or teenagers? ANSWER : They do it because of mental pressure, generally because of self low steem, they are immature in nature in nature. They start by seeing other teenager and peoples of their group and think other teenager have got enough freedom then why can’t they. they start smoking and drinking by seeing them and later join their group and become addicted to it. QUESTION 2: why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casually? Because of their family like in upper class those who are rich . smoking and drinking is normal in today’s arena. ven during their party and functions they arrange the facility to drink and smoke. And thus by seeing those party teenagers of high class family start intoxication just as their do and also parents of this class don’t have time to see what their children are doing. So teenager take it casually. Now in lower class family parents are always engage to earn some money so that they can feed their children and because of this they don’t have time to look after their children and so the children start consuming alcohol without letting their parents know they are alcoholic. So teenager take it casually.But in middle class family parents do stop their children from such things. Parents stop them from the beginning they know the ill effects of intoxicatin and try to educate them about the major disadvantages And children also know that their parents are right and children and so the children also obey their parents so they don’t take it casually. APPENDIX-4 INTERVIEW 4 Date : 18. 04. 2013 Name : TARUN GUPTA place : contacted in person Age : 23Sex : MALE Occupation :STUDYING IN PUNE LAW UNIVERSITY QUESTION 1: In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in youth or teenagers? ANSWER :Because it makes me feel good it help me to decrease my tension . it gives me pleasure. And if I don’t get get to intoxicate I become very nervous. QUESTION 2: what role society play in making the youth drifted towards intoxication? ANSWER : I don’t care about society I care about myself. QUESTION 3. why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casually? ANSWER :Because when I am free I like to do it.Because by doing it my time passes and I get pleasure too. QUESTION 4: what are the preventive measures taken by the government till today? ANSWER : Government have introduce many measures to stop intoxication but no one is following so I don’t care about any measures which would stop me from doing this. QUESTION 5: what should be the preventive measure should be taken to eradicate the consumption of intoxication in near future? ANSWER : I don’t know though I am addicted I don’t want any preventive measure which will produce hindrance . III. IMAPCT OF INTOXICATIONImpact of this on society When people get intoxicated they find themselves busy in their own life. They don’t bother what’s happening in near their surround ing and they don’t care about it. They just indulge themselves in their intoxication activity as a result of this they don’t contribute to the society. They don’t even support society for it’s upliftment. As a result, the society doesn’t changes and becomes constant. They are least bothered about the circumstances and problems prevalent in the society and the backdrops. So, they give more preference to their ownslves and no one else.They build their own world and pleased to be live in their so called different world. The inference made from this is that the very part of the machine i. e. the society become functionless as the part of the machine become restless by the acts of the intoxicated people. Therefore, the society’s growth of humanity is redusing day by day and the touch of humanity also decreases. This lead to imbalance and imperfection in the society. Impact on their career People who are indulge in intoxication focus on study very less which leads to their failure.They do not follow the schedule because they when they consume alcohol the brain is generally out of order and intoxication also effects the nervous system . so the student can’t concentrate on study. Intoxication creates groupism and when they start groupism they can’t study anymore. They lead a stressfull life. The addicts lose their professional and educational capabilities, self-dignity, and get involved in serious or petty criminal activities. The sole aim in life of an addict becomes the procurement and use of drugs. Other aims and objectives in life are thrown by the roadside.This is the main reason of unemployment. Impact on health speech, euphoria, impaired balance, loss of muscle coordination (ataxia), flushed face, dehydration, vomiting, reddened eyes,  reduced inhibitions, and erratic behavior. Sufficiently high levels of blood-borne alcohol will cause  coma  and death from the depressive effects of alcohol upon theà ‚  central nervous system. They become aggressive and transfer their anger to another person. This is the reason of domestic violence. TABLE OF CONTENT : 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INTOXICATION CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS 3. IMPACT OF INTOXICATION 4. PREVENTIVE MEASURE . APPENDICES : 6. 1 APPENDIX 1 6. 2 APPENDIX 2 6. 3 APPENDIX 3 6. 4 APPENDIX 4 6. 5 6. CONCLUSION 6. 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION : Intoxication is state of being drunk or in influence of such substance which affect our mental stability in such a way that our reasonability of mind is affected as well as our body. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : DOCTRIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND QUESTIONAIRRE AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: The study aims to know why the youth is under the trap of intoxication and what is the impact made by them by their acts on the society, their profession, family and friends.It also aims to know the legal grounding nature of the consumption and the methods to way forward the eradication of this evils called intoxication. Hence, we cou ld able to make the society evil free and functioned. SOURCE OF DATA: The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project: 1. ooks 2. Website 3. Magazine HYPOTHESIS : Due to societal influence addiction to intoxication initiated through a chain of events such as peer pressure, family influence or personal deviance ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am feeling highly elated to work on the topic â€Å"addiction to intoxicants†. nder the guidance of my SOCIOLOGY teacher. I am very grateful to his for the exemplary guidance. I would like to enlighten my readers regarding this topic and I hope I have tried my best to pave the way for bringing more luminosity to this topic. I also want to thank all of my friends, without whose cooperation this project was not possible. Apart from all these, I want to give special thanks to the librarian of my university who made every relevant materials regarding to my topic available to me at the time of my busy research work and gave me assistan ce.And at last I am very much obliged to the God who provided me the potential for the rigorous research work. At finally yet importantly I would like to thank my parents for the financial support. Kumari arpita 1st year CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY A PROJECT ON Addiction of intoxicants Subject: – Sociology Submitted To:- Sangeet Kumar Submitted By:- Kumari Arpita Roll No:-745. 2nd semester, 1st year

Synesthesia and language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Synesthesia and language - Essay Example alphabetic writing, hindered knowledge-making into everlasting signs in rows on flat faces, signs someone could come back to and still they had not changed (Slattery, 2005). These signs set up increasingly much deeper disconnections between space and time and between emotion and reason. Slattery (2005) argues that the alphabet is the cybernetic technology, which transformed everything. Synaesthesia, in this viewpoint, promises of reconnection of noesis, recovery of long-lost unity, in ourselves, amongst ourselves and also within the world. Psychedelics create synaesthesias with a noetic eminence, at intense, supersaturated and high-bandwidth release rates, in addition to bringing tales of fresh forms of language, which both develop and express these articulated states of consciousness (Slattery, 2005). They might appeal to some profound yearning for knowledge not offered as information organized in hierarchical structures, cautiously classified, but arriving live and lively, zany, ge sturing, maybe, even alien. Slattery’s (2005) tales of the DMT self-transforming machine pixies made of language providing insufferably high-speed, reduced blasts of pure and extremely alien gnosis, as well as the mushroom experiences deep with the logos, observed and heard in synaesthetic harmony, strange as they are, have been found, in differed forms, by many

Discuss in scholarly detail ways that building intra-organization Essay

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Bauman decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Economics of Shipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Economics of Shipping - Essay Example This paper deals with how different factors affect bulk carrier's demand and supply and how Baltic Dry Index be used to predict the demand and supply of Dry Bulk Carrier for next three months. This paper also describes how recent global economic recession has caused decrease in steel production and thus decreases in global demand for iron, coal and minor bulk commodities and how this has affected the demand for bulk carriers. The paper also deals with industry specific risk factors and how they can affect the earnings of the companies supplying bulk carriers. A bulk carrier is a merchant ship that is used to transport bulk cargo that is not packaged such as coal, ore and grains. The ship usually carries cargo in its cargo holds. It is a ship in which the cargo is carried as bulk. The bulk carriers were first made in 1852 but with time, the economic forces caused these ships to become more sophisticated and caused them to increase in size. There are two types of bulk carriers, wet bulk carrier and dry bulk carrier. The bulk carriers are dominating merchant ships. In terms of tonnage they comprise about one third of total world's fleet. So far the world's largest bulk carrier is able to carry about 365,000 metric tons of dead weight (DWT). The bulk carriers are divided into six main categories: small, handy size, handy max, panamex, capsize, very large bulk carrier (VLBC) (MAN Diesel Group, 2005, p. 3-4. ). Small bulk carriers have capacity of about 10,000 DWT and mini bulk carriers are most popular amongst them. They have a capacity of about 500 to 2000 tons and are usually used for river transport. Such ships easily pass under bridges and they have small crew. Handymax and Handy size have a capacity of more than 10,000 DWT and these two represent about 71% of all bulk carriers. Handymax ships have a capacity of about 52,000 DWT and have about four holds to carry cargo. Panamax canal's lock chamber limits the size of Panamax vessels. And it can accommodate ships with beam of up to 32.31m, a length of overall of up to 294.13m, and a draft of up to 12.04m (Autoridad del Canal de Panam, 2005, pp. 11- 12) Capesize vessels are very large vessels and have capacity of about 20,000 DWT. They carry cargo mainly like coal and iron. Large capacity capesize ships are specially designed to carry iron. Baltic Dry Index Baltic Dry Index is based on Baltic Exchange. This index is means of providing prices of raw materials transported by sea (Baltic Exchange, 2009).. The Baltic Exchange is a membership organization and its member is at the heart of world trade. Every day brokers around the world want to know how much it would cost to transport cargo around the world. These indices are made by assessment of international broking companies. The bulk cargo market relies on the mutual agreement and cooperation of ship owners and brokers to ensure a smooth flow of business(Baltic Exchange, 2009).. It is a rule of Baltic Exchange that all members should follow a code of business and abide by the rules. In case any member fails to follow rules then the member is expelled. There are about five hundred companies and about two thousand people that are member of Baltic Exchange

Unit 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Leadership in project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Ethnic group of elderly people Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethnic group of elderly people - Research Paper Example The research aims to collect data from an ethnic group of elderly people highlighted the cultural patterns among which they were living their life. The methodology employed was participant observation and interview method by the researcher and the mode of research was ethnographic research method. The researcher had to take informed consent and establish rapport with the participants of the study to undertake the research process. The data collected from the researcher showed the type of life spent by the subject in the old home and their values, beliefs and life styles. It was found out that they were strongly attached with each other and had a good sense of belonging with spending their life according to their religious and cultural background. The research gives a valuable insight into the life of elderly people which can be used to study the cultural patterns of this ethnic group. It is expected that the study would prove to be useful for the future researchers as well who would like to study the same topic. The ethnic group chosen for the research is elderly people living in the old homes. The mode of research was participant observation as well as in-depth interviews were also being conducted to obtain additional information about the subjects of the study. The topic chosen for the ethnographic research is the nature of life spent at old homes by elderly people. Also the purpose of the research was to gain significant insights about their life styles as manifested by their appearance, interaction with peers and other things. The reason for the selection of this topic was to conduct research in a significant area that was related to a segment of a society that was generally neglected and needed attention. Therefore, the study was focused on elderly people to understand their issues and concerns that they had about the society and also to make their situation better by making themselves heard by others in the community. As the research tools used to collect data were participant observation method and interview method, it was necessary to establish rapport with the subjects of the study firstly before conducting the actual research. Another ethical consideration was taking consent of the participants to use them as subjects of the study which was enabled by asking them about their willingness to take part in the study. The informed consent was taken from the old home’s management staff to use the residents as the participants of the study. The permission was granted and 15 elderly people were used for the research by asking them individually about their willingness to participate in the research process. The ages of elderly people were from 75- 90 and both men and women were included in the research sample. In order to establish rapport with the participants, an effort was done on making them open up and take part in discussion with the researcher who had to meet them frequently and engage in friendly conversation with the aged people. The researcher asked about their general well-being and showed concern for them which made the elderly take the researcher as a friendly person with whom they could share their personal feelings and thoughts. In order to proceed with the research process, the researcher constantly met with the elderly people for a period of two weeks on regular basis. The researcher spent two to three hours with them daily and observed the type of life they spend in old home. The interviews were taken from the participants occasionally to synthesize with the information taken from the participants’ observation. Main Discussion The research was undertaken on elderly ethnic group by means of interview and participant observation method. The concepts of anthropology applied on this research are ethnicity, culture and race. Ethnicity implies a group of people living in the same

Putin and Russia's Security Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Putin and Russia's Security Services - Essay Example His mission is to regain the lost security strength that had been lost during the Yeltsin regime. This is on condition that the world military organization is developing a reality that any country must observe. It is true that the Russian security system has been circulating around the KGB. In addition, the United States of America have been the greatest threat to Russian security. Therefore, Russia has invested heavily on agents whose work is to spy the activities of the U.S.A2. For example, two former Soviet agents were arrested in U.S.A by the FBI on 13th October, 1998 and were charged of selling military secrets to the capital of Russia, Moscow. On 13th June, 2000, a retired Russian Army Colonel was arrested on the basis of transiting information from USA to Russia in the period of cold war. Another Russian intelligent Stanislav Gusev was arrested by the FBI for recording transmissions from a bug implanted in a state conference

Sherlock Holmes Essay Essay Example for Free

Sherlock Holmes Essay Essay Arthur Conan Doyle has written a number of short stories about a fictional character called Sherlock Holmes and his trusted work mate Dr. Watson. Together they solve mysteries using the art of the reasoner and imaginative thinking. I have recently been studying the adventure of the speckled band among other short stories. Holmes is portrayed as an intelligent crime solver, with quick thinking skills and a sharp mind. We find straight away in the story that Dr. Watson and Holmes are good friends as Holmes wakes Watson up early especially because he thinks he would want to learn about the case right from the start. Holmes has an eye for detail, which we realise near the beginning of the story as he can clearly describe how the woman travelled to meet him, by the half return ticket and mud splatters on her jacket. The crime is a murder; set it the mansion belonging Dr. Grimesby Roylott in Stoke Moran. Dr. Roylott was in great debt and rented out most of his property to gypsies. He was a very lonely, bitter, miserable man. The murder is described by the victims sister, Helen Stoner, she saw her sister just before she died and experienced some of the strange things that happened to her sister on the night of her death, afraid and worried she turned to Holmes for his help. There are many suspects in this story, such as the gypsies, or the animals that the doctor kept in the grounds. But the prime suspect in this scenario was the doctor himself, he had the motive, if his daughters should marry then the money from their mothers will, would go to them. Therefore if they were to die before they got married the doctor would keep the money. It is an unusual murder because the room in which it took place was locked, with the windows closed and metal bars put there. On visiting the scene Holmes finds some peculiar abnormalities with the room, there is a bell- pull, which isnt fixed to a bell, just the ceiling. Also the bed is nailed to the floor and there is an air vent between this room and the doctors. Holmes also looked in the doctors room and found a bowl of milk on top of a safe also a small dog lead hung on the corner of the bed and tied to make a loop of whipcord. Holmes finds these clues using the art of the reasoner and his imaginative thinking, to work out how the previous murder happened and when the next was about to happen. Holmes also uses the art of the reasoner in another short story- Silver blaze, where the prize racing horse is stolen and its owner beaten to death in Kings Pyland, Holmes works out that it cant have been anyone other than John Straker or his wife, as no-one else could have made it so that curried mutton was the dinner for the stable boys, so as to hide the taste of the sleeping drug put in it. So that Straker could take the horse out of the stable at night, in order to harm the horse and fix the race. The murder weapon was an Indian snake; the doctor kept it in a safe, but whenever one of his daughters was to be married, he would let it out. It would make its way through the air vent; down the dummy bell- pull and onto the bed to kill whatever was lying bellow it. It was then called back with a whistle, to the doctors room and put back in the safe. The red herring in this story could be the cheetah and the baboon, as they could have come into the house and killed the girl, also the gypsies as there were some around at the time of the murder, and the before the victim died she said the speckled band which could have meant the spotted scarves they are often found wearing and a band of gypsies. The tension is built up when Holmes and Watson stay in Helen Stoners room to find out what killed her sister and could possibly kill her. As they sit in darkness listening to the night sounds outside, waiting for what they dont know at this stage, then Holmes realises that a snake has just entered the room and scares it off with a light. The twist in the tale is right at the end, when, because the snake is scared back through the ventilator, it gets confused and bites Dr. Roylott. So his greedy and malicious plan backfires, and he is killed. I chose to write about this story because I think that it has a lot of good points to describe, and it is a great, gripping story. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Purpose And Significance Of The Study Education Essay

Purpose And Significance Of The Study Education Essay According to Alwright (1983), classroom-centred research is any study which investigates what occurs in the classroom; that occurrence could be related to the way a teacher interacts with his students; the way students interact with one another; the conditions which promote effective learning; or anything else related to learning in the classroom. Throughout the past five years, the majority of MA ALT research at Newcastle University has been predominantly classroom-centred Why?. Researchers have either examined and scrutinised the teaching practice, approaches and methodologies adopted in their own diverse, international teaching contexts (Aslanidou, 2005; Al-Nufaie, 2006; Abu Baha, 2007; Al-Zughaibi, 2008; Chen, 2009); or they have explored a variety of cognitive and linguistic difficulties that L2 students face when learning English, suggesting possible causes and solutions to these problems (Hu, 2005; Chou, 2006; Huang, 2007; Chen, 2008; Al-Rahbi, 2009). Although classroom-centre d research is a fundamental part of ALT and unquestionably serves its purpose; if and when research conducted external to the classroom produces new insights into effective language learning, it is equally significant; as the essential aim of all ALT research is to add to current world knowledge (Hedge, 2000). A minute number of MA ALT researchers at Newcastle University have investigated topics which are external to the classroom yet promote effective language learning indirectly (Walter, 2006; Lambton, 2006; Pelik, 2008; Michalska, 2009); surprisingly however, no researcher has ever inquired about the role EFL managers may or may not play in language learning. This is particularly surprising because global EFL institutes such as IH, Bell, and WSI all require clarify these acronyms prospective EFL managers to be MA ALT qualified. These institutes insist EFL managers possess this qualification based upon the assumption that it equips them with the knowledge necessary to be a successful EFL manager. Contrary to their belief, although an MA ALT course does present recent theories and debates regarding language learning, it fails to sufficiently address the specific needs of an EFL manager; this is most evident in the fact that there is no EFL Manager: Theory Practice type module available f or MA ALT students. Due to the lack of research about EFL management, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of EFL managers in language learning. Although some ALT professors are intrigued by this research project and have clearly stated: this is an interesting topic (Windeatt, 2010:2); others have their doubts about its relevance and have said: I do not feel that this is remotely within my sphere of competence; the question really is whether it is within Applied Linguistics. No need for this in my opinion but u could ask him about it Essentially it deals with educational management; the fact that the product is language teaching is no more relevant than groceries are to the management of Sainsburys (Cook, 2010:3). Though everyone is entitled to his own opinion, this view towards ALT research and EFL management is arguably flawed for the following three reasons: Firstly, the Board Directors of TESOL Inc. (2005) advise ALT researchers to be diverse in their choice of research topics in order for theories about effective language learning and teaching to continuously advance. They urge researchers to explore the field of ALT from a wide variety of angles and viewpoints; and to be innovative in the type of research they conduct. To date, ALT research has demonstrated that language learning can be affected by learner styles; psychological factors; teaching methods; socio-cultural factors, and many other issues (Hedge, 2000). In spite of this, there is no published material on the influence that EFL managers may or may not have on language learning, which implies this particular project is innovative and has the potential to fill an obvious information gap. Secondly, the fact that this project is closely related to educational management, is not necessarily a negative point; on the contrary, this type of research may be part of the logical progression of ALT. Historically, ALT research has always followed a similar pattern to Education research (Grenfell, 1998). Both fields were initially predominantly teacher-centred, meaning the majority of research conducted in these fields focused heavily upon teachers, teaching theory and practice. Over time, their research became student-centred, meaning the general research focus shifted toward the student, his experience as a learner, and methods of promoting effective learning. Essentially, research in both fields has historically been classroom-centred. In recent years however, Education research has taken a step outside of the classroom by looking at how external factors such as school administration affects learning (Charles, 2010). As will become evident from the literature review, there has been a substantial amount of research conducted on school effectiveness, which indicate that second only to explicit teaching, school management has the greatest influence on classroom learning. Based upon Education research, coupled with the recent emergence of global ALT seminars on EFL Management and HE courses in EFL Management (ibid); it is reasonable to assume that future ALT research will explore the role of EFL managers in language learning more thoroughly. Thirdly, the mere fact that a world-renowned scholar of linguistics would imply there is no difference between managing a Sainsburys store and managing an EFL school is reason enough to conduct this research. If such a hypothesis is correct, then researching this topic could provide valuable information for EFL schools such as Bell and IH; perhaps they should be employing staff with general management experience and BAs in Business Studies rather than an MA in ALT? On the other hand, if such a hypothesis is in incorrect, then researching this topic could provide ALT researchers with new insights into the role management in language learning. Additionally, as pointed out by one of the participants of this study, research such as this is useful as it gives EFL managers the opportunity to reflect upon their own practice, and the way in which they contribute to a language students learning experience. Moreover, potential EFL managers, such as some of the students on this MA ALT programme , may find this research useful for the theories it presents regarding the role that they will eventually adopt. The acid test of theory in an applied discipline such as educational management [or ALT] is its relevance to practice (Bush, 2002:15). Scope Context of the Study The purpose of this study then, is to investigate the role of management in language learning; and it is arguably a significant piece of research, as it can have both academic and real-world implications for the reasons already mentioned. Initially, over a dozen private British Council accredited ESL schools throughout the U.K. were contacted and asked to participate in the study; unfortunately, all of these schools declined without providing reasons why. Based upon their unwillingness to participate, and the guidance of Windeatt Cook (2010), it was decided that the most feasible method of research would be to conduct an exploratory case-study on the ESOL department of a public tertiary institute in the North East of England. I donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t know According to the participants who were interviewed in this study, the purpose of ESOL departments in British tertiary institutes is threefold: 1) To provide EFL courses for international students who want to study in the UK for a fixed period of time, then return to their home countries. These students generally tend to study EAP courses in preparation for IELTS exams or entrance to a British university; however, some of them study English for business purposes, whilst others simply want a general English course. Whatever the reason, these courses are similar to the types of courses provided by schools such as Bell and IH. 2) To provide ESOL courses for people residing in the UK who want to live here permanently. These students are generally asylum seekers who have fled their own countries due to severe personal circumstances. They tend to study ESOL courses either in preparation of UK citizenship tests; or to equip themselves with the language skills necessary to communicate by English in their day-to-day lives. 3) To provide teacher training courses for native speakers of English who want to become EFL teachers; or for current EFL teachers who want to gain further qualifications. These training courses can vary from Cambridge CELTA and DELTA courses to academic Diplomas and BAs in TEFL. The ESOL department which took part in this study was composed of several managers and approximately seventy teachers. Organisation of chapters Having justified the purpose of this study and providing background information about its research context, the organisation of this dissertation essay is now presented below: Chapter 1: Introduction this chapter highlights the importance of conducting research on the role of EFL managers in language learning, and introduces background information about the context of this research project. Chapter 2: Literature Review this chapter presents key theories about educational management and specifically looks at research into the claims Education researchers have made concerning the influence managers have on learning. Based upon these claims, the role of management in an ESOL context is discussed Chapter 3: Methodology this chapter states the research question and describes the research design and procedures used in this study, including information about the participants and data collection methods employed. Chapter 4: Data Analysis this chapter provides a critical analysis of the results in relation to the literature review. Chapter 5: Conclusions finally, conclusions from the entire investigation are presented here. ______________________________________________________

The Various Devices Of Communication Systems Information Technology Essay

The Various Devices Of Communication Systems Information Technology Essay Communication devices route and transmit information to various devices, including radio and telephone systems. Communications devices transmit voice and audio signals to telephone and cellular phones, which receive and reconvert the waves back into sound. Transmissions may be wired or wireless, depending on the application. Most telephones are wired, whereas cellular phones use wireless technology. Telephones themselves are communication devices and include a number of components and accessories including adapters, batteries, and electrical elements. Other communication devices commonly used for audio and telephone applications include magnetic receivers, optical interconnects, and switchboards. Magnetic receivers are communication devices that detect the magnetic fields emitted by a transmitter. Optical interconnects transmit information through optical cables, which are capable of higher bandwidth compared to traditional cables. Phone switchboards route communications and add adva nced features to telephone systems. Telephone systems may also employ automated voice answering systems to take messages and provide automated information retrieval requests. These communication devices are commonly used in call centres and for technical support applications. Communication devices also transmit information to radios and pagers. Radios are communication systems that send and/or receive electromagnetic waves and consist of a transmitter, receiver, and antenna. Pagers are electronic communications devices that are used to notify or alert a user. Communication received by pagers may be numeric or alphanumeric, depending on the model and complexity of the device. Other types of communication devices include navigation systems, such as global positioning systems (GPS) instruments and radar systems. GPS communication devices receive satellite communications and use it to provide position information. Radar communication devices use synchronized transmitters and receivers to send radio waves and detect their r eflections from objects, surfaces and sub-surface structures. List of Communication Devices Telephone Component Cellular Phone Radio Radar Systems Phone Switchboard Navigational Instrument Intercoms GPS Devices Automated Answering Devices Hubs and Bridges Routers and Switches Brouters Other Networking devices There are different communication devices such as routers, hub, switches and brides. These devices are required to transmit the data between one computer and another.   Based on the infrastructure of your network, you need to use different devices.   Hub and Switch are the LAN devices and the router is a LAN/WAN device.   These devices provide the medium of sending and receiving the data and connect the LAN and WAN segments of a network.   The other network devices are gateways, CSU/DSU, wireless access points, modems, ISDN adapters, proxy, firewall, multiplexer, digital media receiver, load balancers and the NIC adapter. Each of these devices plays a specific role in a computer network and only the complex and the large network use all these devices.   Being a network engineer or the systems administrator, you need to know the role and features of each device in your network. Hubs Hub is a LAN networking device and every computer in an Ethernet based network is directly connected with the hub. All the computers that are connected to the network share the same bandwidth.   When a hub receives the data packets at one of its port, it distributes the data signals to all the ports in a network. When two or more computers try to send the data signals at the same time, a collision occurs and the process is known as Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection.   Hubs are usually come with the 4, 8, 16 and 24 ports.   In the data communications, a hub is a place for the convergence where data arrives from multiple directions and forward to the multiple directions. The most advanced form of the hub is the intelligent or smart hub that contains the management software which is used to troubleshoot the most common problems. Bridges Bridges are the networking devices that divided up the network into different segments to reduce the amount of traffic on each network.   A bridge blocks and forwards the data packets based on their MAC addressees.   Be blocking the unnecessary traffic to enter the other part of the network segments, it reduces the amount of traffic and the other issues such network congestions and the bottleneck.   There are following three common types of the bridges. Transparent Bridge A Transparent bride is invisible to the other part of the computer network and it performs the functions of blocking and forwarding the data packets based on the MAC addressees.   They are the most popular types of the bridges. Translational Bridge Translation bridges are used to connect the two different networks such as Ethernet and Token Ring. It translates the data and forward to the other network. Source-Route  Bridge Source-Route bridges are designed for the Token Ring networks.   In the Source-Route Bridge, the entire route of the network frame is embedded into the frame. Switches A network switch is a LAN/WAN communication device. It joins the multiple computers together in the LAN and WAN.   In the LAN, the switches do not broadcast the data to all the connected computers like the hub.   Based on the IP/MAC addresses of the computer, a switch sends data only to the destined computer.   Switches operate on the data link and network layers of the OSI layers model.   Different models of the switches support the different number of the connected devices.   In the LAN, switches support 10mbps 10/100 mbps or 100mbps data transmission speed.   A switch conserves the bandwidth and offers the grater performance than the hub. Routers A router is a networking device that is used to connect the two or more logically and physically different networks.   On the internet, the routers plays the functions of sorting and distribution of the data packets based on the IP addresses of the destination router or computer.   Router use the header and forwarding table to choose the best shortest path to transmit the data towards the destination. A router is used to connect the two LANs, two WANs, and LAN with WAN and a LAN with the ISP network. Router uses the ISDN, frame relay, ATM and other communication technologies. A router operates at the network layer of the OSI model. GPS Global positioning system (GPS) instruments and GPS modules are radio-navigational devices that provide accurate position information about objects on Earth, based on information from orbiting satellites. Equipped with rubidium atomic clocks, 24 GPS satellites in high-orbital planes use coarse acquisition (C/A) codes to communicate with GPS ground stations. These Earth-based control segments monitor almanac and ephemeris signals from GPS satellites, and communicate the small corrections that become necessary when there are changes to either a satellites orbit or to Earths ionosphere. By using the information in the almanac and ephemeris signals, GPS receivers can determine the time required to transmit a signal. Because that time is proportional to the distance traveled, GPS modules and devices can determine the arc on which the GPS receiver lies and, therefore, the intersection point and position. Selecting GPS instruments and GPS modules requires an analysis of parameters for produ ct type, performance, power, and connection and communication. Product types include GPS receivers, GPS transmitters, GPS antennas, and GPS data loggers. Performance specifications for GPS receiver modules include the number of channels, frequency range, sensitivity, position accuracy, and time to first fix. Task 2 Leaflet

Your Better Half:Hemisphere Specialization of Language :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Your Better Half:Hemisphere Specialization of Language You probably write with a particular hand, kick a ball with a particular foot, peer through a telescope with a particular eye, and raise the telephone receiver to a particular ear. It is thought that this has to do more with your brain and "neurological wiring" than habit. But what does this mean? You have probably heard of hemispheric lateralization- hemispheric referring to the division of the brain into left and right halves, and lateralization describing the brain's tendency to make the two halves specialize in controlling different functions (1). Furthermore, the right side of your body is controlled by your left brain while the left side of your body is controlled by your right side of the brain. The connection between the hemispheres is the corpus callosum, a thick band of nerves. One of the most common beliefs is that the left hemisphere controls symbolic processing and rational thinking whereas the right hemisphere is more artistic, intuitive and creative (2). Many myths have emerged from this idea (5). We often hear students complain about being "right-brained in a left brained world" and others claiming that they do not perform well in a particular subject because they are either right-brained or left-brained. I remember being told that you should listen to lectures with your "dominant" side of my brain. In fact the idea has become so infused in today's society that we see several prevalent views of the left brain/right brain theory. A couple years back there was a car advertisement for Saab, which claimed the car as a "car for the left side of your brain." With so many simplified and popularized views of brain lateralization the task of sorting the fantasy from reality is daunting and not so easy. The big question remains standing- does hemispheric asymmetries exist and if so to what extent can we categorize functions as right or left brain, looking specifically at language? At first glance the human brain appears symmetrical, leading one to wonder how it is that behavioral asymmetries emerge from biological identical hemispheres. Yet there are many cognitive and behavioral asymmetries in humans documented, many of which can be attributed to one hemisphere of the brain or the other (1) (5). Yet before we explore hemisphere specialization it is interesting to note that the left and right hemisphere have shown to function independently.

Sarkar-Singer Hypothesis Essay -- International Trade

Sarkar-Singer Hypothesis Introduction Since terms of trade deterioration hypothesis was proposed by Prebisch and Singer in 1950, comparative advantage was doubted. Due to the export structure of developing countries (DCs) is dominated by primary products, and the export structure of industrialised countries (ICs) dominated by manufactured products; they compared primary products export of DCs and manufactured products export of ICs, and indicated that the terms of trade trend to deteriorate over time. This hypothesis is supported by many studies, such as Grilli and Yang (1998) and Spraos (1980); therefore the widening gap like existed. This hypothesis is confronted the traditional view, international trade and specialisation may not be better off. The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis also impacts on the trade policy of the majority of DCs to become inward looking. However, many studies appeal that the defected of Prebisch-Singer hypothesis, Sarkar and Singer analysis is the important appeal. Due to Singer (1958) views that the export structure of the DCs was dominated by primary products; export structure of the ICs by the manufactured products. Therefore, theearly studies use the terms of trade between primary products and manufactures as a proxy. Sarkar (1986) express that the growth of manufactured sectors, however, Singer (1987) proposes that even the change in the commodity composition of exports, the disadvantages in DCs lead the deterioration be continuous. Sarkar and Singer (1991) focuses on this subject, examines the impact of the shift in the commodity composition of exports of DCs. They proposed that the changes in commodity composition of exports are the important factor, as the primary sectors of DCs have a lower rat... ...ent, Vol. 19, No. 4, Page 333-340 Singer, H. W. (1950) The distribution of gains between investing and borrowing countries, American Economic Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, Page 473-485 Singer, H. W. (1958) Comment, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 40, Page87-88 Singer, H. W. (1987) Terms of trade in John Eatwell, Murray Milgate and Peter Newman (Eds), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, London: Macmillan, Page 626-628 Singer H. W. (1998) The Terms of Trade Fifty Years Later – Convergence and Divergence, The South Letter (30) Sproas, J. (1980) The Statistical Debate on the Net Barter Terms of Trade Between Primary Commodities and Manufactures, Economic Journal, Vol. 90, Page 107-128 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2005) Trade and Development Report Chapter III: Evolution of the Terms of Trade and its Impact on Developing Countries

History of Marketing

The History Of Marketing As of today, we understand marketing to be a process where the goal is to know the needs of the costumer, and match these with the organizations ability to fulfill these expectations. For this to happen successfully, it is important that the organizations understands both who the costumer is, what value the costumer requires, as well as how to deliver this value in the best possible way. Had it not been for the history of marketing as we know it, our view on modern marketing might have been very different.Whether the difference would have made a positive or negative impact is hard to know, but one thing is certain. The history of marketing is important to understand in order to learn about marketing itself. Even though marketing is known to have had a massive development during the twentieth century, traces of marketing theories can be found long before this time. As an example of this, Ambler (2004) traces marketing thought to the Middle ages with the first formal analysis of buyer motivation by Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) and St Bernardino of Siena`s (1380-1444) recognition of function, market price and psychological benefits.Egan (2008:p5). This is evidence that marketing theories has been around for hundreds of years, even though, during the twentieth century, it became more of a specialist market with independent discipline. As the market in USA at the end of the nineteenth century was changing from a sellers market to a buyers market, marketing started becoming a topic for discussion. USA now had a wider market for a growing middle class, with lower prices and more VARER available, whereas European, notably the UK, had a society consisting of a few wealthy people with most of the country’s money, and many poor with no money to spend on goods.Still, one thing was for sure, during the production era the Industrial Revolution led to a massive and more effective production of VARER (various goods? ). Marketers soon began to unders tand that this new market that was evolving needed a change of attitude from the producers. The products needed to be desired from the consumer, and not just expected to be bought because it was available and affordable. By 1910 people started writing literature in relations to marketing, and the interest around the subject was growing. The Sales Era lasted from about the mid- 1920s to the early 1950s.By this time the demand for products made by consumers started to decrease. The understanding that the products would need to be â€Å"sold† to the consumer was in focus, and the importance of sales was given more attention. This was the time when the actual word â€Å"marketing† was added to the commercial lexicon. Egan (2008:p7). 1930-40 was a time where the development of previous ideas were emphasized, and many approaches were VURDERT During these years, both The Journal of Marketing, a collection of journals about marketing, and the magazine Marketing were published. The third and current period in the history of business, The Marketing Era, also called the era of costumer orientation, began in the 1950s. In the beginning of this period, marketing management was given a lot of attention. This resulted in more attention being given to the study of how marketing should function, as appose to how it already functioning. Also, solving problems and making decisions were emphasized. The theory that extensive promotion and efficient production of products were not a guarantee that costumers would desire them was discussed by many businesspeople.As a result of this, these businesses found that it would be better to first understand what costumers wanted, and then produce this, as appose to producing something and later trying to change the costumers needs so that it would fit the business` production. Modern marketing developed in a time post world war two, a time where Television was more accessible for the middle class, and gave huge opportunities for advertisement. Also, in this time European economy was recovering again, and the spending of the average consumer increased, and began to reflect on the economic situation the US had bin stuck with a decade before.The interest of marketing therefore grew, as well as the need for advertisement. During the 1960s, computer technology contributed to pushing this growth. This also led to the consumer behavior changing. In the 1970s, both the macromarketing school and the strategic planning school would be big influences on the marketing development. The macromarketing school for instance, studied the impact of marketing practices on society and society on marketing, whereas the strategic planning school explored the relationship between environmental change and change within the organization.Egan (2008:p11) In the 1990s the attitude around business changed in the US and the UK. Short term profits and their impact on the share price put marketers on the defensive from which many would su ggest they have not emerged. Egan (2008:p13). During the last twenty years of the 1900s, relationship marketing, a marketing strategy in which developing a relationship with the consumer over a longer period of time is the priority, became a central part of marketing, at the same time as it was a central topic for discussion in business management.Relationship marketing had a rapid growth was becoming a global concept, and a final product made from the influence of previous theories of marketing. This means, that during 40 years of development, marketing had evolved from consumer marketing, in the 1950s, to industrial marketing, non-profit and societal marketing in the 1970s, service marketing in the 1980s and last but not least relationship marketing in the 1990s. Marketing still is in the process of development and will continue to evolve in the years to come.Looking back on the evolution of the marketing is however a great way to both understand and continue developing marketing for the future to come, so it continues to improve and adapt to both the society we have today, and the society that we are headed for in the future.Reference: Egan J (2008) 100 years of marketing in Relationship Marketing: Exploring Relationship Marketing: Exploring Relational Strategies Third Edition Harlow: Pearson Education in Meek R. , Ryan A. , Lenney P. (2010) Marketing 2nd Ed Vol. 1 Chapter 1, Text for Lancaster University course MKTG 101. Harlow: Pearson/Custom Publishing